Redesigning a website is not just about making it look fresh, it is a full-stack transformation. Modern websites are expected to be fast, reliable, secure, and highly scalable. When users land on it, they expect performance on par with the apps they use daily.
According to Google, 53% of mobile users leave a site if it takes longer than 3 seconds to load. Redesigning without fixing the technical foundation can lead to poor conversion and high bounce rates. This guide outlines the 10 most critical technical areas to focus on during a website redesign. Each section digs deep into systems engineering, UI architecture, performance monitoring, and security standards.
Core Architecture Audit
Before you touch a single line of code or push a pixel on the new design, stop. You must audit the architecture of your current system. Think of it as popping the hood on your backend engine—before adding a fresh coat of paint to a car that may be leaking oil.
Here’s what a serious Core Architecture Audit should look like:
1. Break Down the Monolith
If you’re still running a legacy monolith, now is the time to ask:
- Are we locked into tight coupling between features?
- Is every deployment risky because one change can break the entire app?
Split services where possible. Move critical parts to microservices or modular services. Use a service mesh like Istio if you’re dealing with distributed systems.
2. Assess Codebase Complexity
- Is there a clear domain-driven design (DDD) structure?
- How many levels of abstraction are adding no value?
- Are your business logic and data access tightly bound?
Look at cyclomatic complexity. Check your controllers and services. Anything with over 15 paths is a red flag.
3. Database Performance Review
Your site speed often dies here. Run slow query logs. Look for:
- N+1 queries (kill these now)
- Lack of indexing on high-read tables
- ORM misuse or inefficient joins
Use EXPLAIN plans for query analysis. Introduce read replicas or sharded clusters if your data volume demands it.
4. Caching Strategy
Is your caching layered and intelligent, or just a global Redis band-aid?
- Frontend asset caching via CDN (Cloudflare, Fastly)
- Server-side cache for rendered pages
- DB-level caching with Redis or Memcached
- Route-level caching with proper TTLs
If you’re not caching aggressively at every layer, you’re wasting compute and money.
5. Data Flow & API Contracts
Map out how data moves across services and how APIs are structured.
- Are API contracts versioned and documented (OpenAPI / Swagger)?
- Is the data normalized, or are you sending massive blobs around?
- Is error handling centralized or scattered across endpoints?
Audit your gateways. Avoid logic in your API layer unless you want chaos at scale.
6. Latency and Bottlenecks
Use tracing tools (New Relic, Jaeger, or Datadog APM) to track request paths.
- Where are the bottlenecks?
- Is latency from network I/O, computation, or external API calls?
- Are background jobs offloaded or clogging the main app thread?
Track every service call. Set SLAs internally. If a call takes 500ms, it must have a reason.
Front-End Stack Modernization
Modernizing your front-end stack is more than just adopting the newest JavaScript framework. It's about rewriting your interface layer to be faster, more maintainable, and aligned with how browsers and users behave today.
Here’s exactly what to look at:
1. Ditch legacy frameworks
Still stuck with jQuery or AngularJS? You’re not alone, but you’re definitely lagging. Move to component-driven architectures like React (with Next.js), Vue 3 (with Nuxt 3), or SvelteKit. These support SSR, hydration, and are optimized for performance.
2. Use SSR or SSG where it makes sense
Rendering everything client-side is a trap unless you're building a dashboard. Use Server-Side Rendering (SSR) for dynamic content or Static Site Generation (SSG) for marketing pages. Next.js and Nuxt both support hybrid rendering, which helps balance performance and dynamic needs.
3. Code-splitting and lazy loading
No one should be downloading your entire site just to view a single blog post. Implement route-level code splitting, component-level lazy loading, and dynamic imports to keep your initial bundle lean. Use React.lazy() or dynamic import() with suspense boundaries.
4. Modular styling strategies
Forget global CSS and legacy BEM conventions. Move to Tailwind CSS for utility-first styling or CSS Modules for scoped component-level styles. Need dynamic theming or runtime styling? Try styled-components or vanilla-extract for type-safe styles.
5. ES Modules and Tree Shaking
Modern bundlers like Vite or esbuild make Webpack look ancient. Use ESM and make sure your libraries support tree-shaking. Keep an eye on bundle analysis (webpack-bundle-analyzer, source-map-explorer) to kill dead weight.
6. Component Libraries & Design Systems
Don’t reinvent UI from scratch. Use a solid design system. Prefer Radix UI, Headless UI, or Chakra UI over bloated Bootstrap-based kits. Pair this with a design token system (like Style Dictionary) to sync design and code.
7. Browser compatibility and polyfills
Drop IE11 support unless your users are stuck in 2013. Target modern browsers using tools like browserslist. Avoid unnecessary polyfills and focus on progressive enhancement.
8. Frontend observability is not optional
Add performance monitoring hooks. Use Web Vitals API, Sentry, and LogRocket to track issues from the browser. You want to know if the main thread is blocked for 800ms because of a bloated analytics SDK.
9. State management needs rethinking
Don’t just reach for Redux. Use React Query, Zustand, or Jotai for async data and local state. If you’re building multi-tab applications or want persistence, explore Recoil or XState for more structured behavior.
Modern front-end isn’t about chasing trends. It’s about reducing runtime overhead, using battle-tested abstractions, and designing for maintainability. Audit everything—your tooling, your patterns, your component hierarchy. And don’t underestimate the cost of keeping legacy code alive. Rewrite if you must.
API Layer Optimization
Cut latency. Boost efficiency. Build scalable interfaces.
When you're redesigning a website, the API layer becomes the performance bottleneck if you don't address it head-on. It sits between your frontend and backend and handles every interaction between the user and your core services. Here's how to ensure it's lean, fast, and production-ready.
1. Switch to GraphQL or tRPC (where it makes sense)
REST APIs are still everywhere, but they can be inefficient for modern frontend needs. If your UI pulls too much or too little data per call, that’s a sign to rethink the layer.
- GraphQL enables precise querying. The client defines the structure. You eliminate overfetching and underfetching.
- tRPC is a great fit if you're in a TypeScript-heavy stack. It offers end-to-end type safety with zero boilerplate.
Use GraphQL introspection tools like Apollo Studio to monitor query cost and performance in real time.
2. Compress & Optimize Payloads
Even the best-designed endpoints fail if you're pushing bloated JSON responses. Trim the fat.
- Remove redundant fields from serializers
- Use
gziporBrotliat the CDN layer - Prefer numerical enums over strings in high-frequency responses
- Paginate aggressively for large collections—avoid sending arrays with 1000+ items
Look at your HAR logs—if payload sizes are consistently 500 KB+, you're leaking data.
3. Add Caching at Multiple Layers
Backend caching isn't optional anymore. Latency kills.
- Use Redis or Memcached to store computed responses
- Apply CDN caching at the edge (Cloudflare, Fastly) for public GET endpoints
- Use ETags and 304 Not Modified to cut down network traffic
- Cache per-user data using token-based keys to keep sessions fast and dynamic
Cache intelligently. Not everything needs to be real-time.
4. Rate Limiting and Throttling
Every API layer needs protection. No exceptions.
- Enforce global rate limits using API gateways (Kong, Envoy, AWS API Gateway)
- Set per-user or per-IP quotas for abusive patterns
- Add exponential backoff to prevent retry storms
- Expose meaningful 429 responses so the frontend can degrade gracefully
If you don’t control misuse here, your backend will pay for it.
5. Version Your APIs
This is often overlooked in early redesigns. Don’t let it bite you six months in.
- Use
/v1/,/v2/path-based versioning or accept version headers - Never break a contract in place
- Deprecate versions slowly with real-time usage metrics
- Build backwards-compatible serializers where needed
If you’re changing payloads without versioning, you're setting fire to your frontend team.
6. Monitor Latency & Failures
What you don’t track will break silently.
- Set up distributed tracing with OpenTelemetry
- Use Datadog, Prometheus, or Jaeger to visualize call chains
- Track P50/P95 latencies for all major endpoints
- Alert on 5xx spikes per service and per route
A well-designed API is not just about code—it's about observability.
In short, optimize your API layer like it’s a core product — because it is. Your users may never see it, but every interaction they have touches it. Treat it like critical infrastructure, not just glue code between services.
Core Web Vitals Compliance
If you care about SEO and user experience (which you should), Core Web Vitals is non-negotiable. Google uses it as a ranking signal. Real users bounce fast if the page feels sluggish, janky, or unresponsive. Let’s break this down into its core metrics and how to fix them.
1. Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) — Target < 2.5s
LCP measures how fast the biggest visible element (usually a hero image or a headline) loads.
Why it matters:
It defines perceived load speed. If it’s slow, users think your site is broken.
How to fix:
- Serve images in AVIF or WebP, and preload hero images
- Use critical CSS inlined, defer everything else
- Reduce server response times using edge caching
Avoid heavy third-party scripts during initial load
2. First Input Delay (FID) — Target < 100ms
FID tracks how fast the page responds to the first user interaction, like a click or a tap.
Why it matters:
Even if it looks loaded, if it doesn’t respond, it’s useless.
How to fix:
- Break up long JavaScript tasks using requestIdleCallback or web workers
- Defer non-critical scripts
- Use input delay instrumentation to measure in real time
Migrate to server-side rendering (SSR) for time-sensitive views
3. Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) — Target < 0.1
CLS happens when stuff jumps around on the page while loading. It’s disorienting.
Why it matters:
It kills user trust. Imagine tapping “Buy Now,” and the button moves.
How to fix:
- Always set height and width on images and media
- Reserve space for ads or embeds with aspect-ratio boxes
- Avoid injecting DOM elements above the fold without reflow handling
Use font-display: swap to prevent FOIT (flash of invisible text)
4. Tools to Track and Monitor
- Lighthouse and PageSpeed Insights for lab data
- Chrome User Experience Report (CrUX) for field data
- Web Vitals extension in Chrome for real-time debugging
- PerformanceObserver API to capture metrics in production
Core Web Vitals is not just about ticking a checklist. It’s about engineering precision. Treat these metrics like unit tests for your UI. Fixing them is not optional — it’s foundational.
DevOps & CI/CD Integration
DevOps and CI/CD are no longer optional. If you’re redesigning a site and not embedding continuous delivery pipelines and automated infrastructure from day one, you’re building tech debt. Here's how to get it right:
1. Automate from Commit to Production
Every code commit should trigger a pipeline. Use GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, or CircleCI to automate unit tests, integration tests, build steps, and deployments. No manual uploads. No SFTP. Just clean pipelines.
- Break the pipeline into stages: Lint → Test → Build → Deploy
- Fail fast: Don’t let broken code reach staging
Use artifacts and caching to reduce build time
2. Preview Builds for Every PR
Set up ephemeral environments using Vercel, Netlify, or Kubernetes namespaces. Every pull request should spin up its own live preview so QA, designers, and PMs can test before merging.
- Tie preview URLs to PRs using bot comments
- Destroy environments on PR close to save resources
Route using branch subdomains like
pr-42.yourdomain.com
3. GitOps for Infra-as-Code (IaC)
Manage infra using Terraform, Pulumi, or Crossplane. Store all infra configs in version control. Use GitOps tools like ArgoCD or Flux to sync changes declaratively.
- Changes to infrastructure go through PRs, not live consoles
- Rollbacks become as easy as
git revert Audits are automatic since all changes are tracked in git
4. Canary Releases and Feature Flags
Use tools like LaunchDarkly, Unleash, or homegrown toggles to ship code behind flags. This allows you to:
- Release to 5% of traffic, watch for errors, then ramp up
- Rollback instantly without a redeploy
- Run A/B tests with production traffic
Flags give product teams control without needing to redeploy.
5. Observability from Day One
You can’t deploy confidently without real-time feedback. Integrate Prometheus, Grafana, Datadog, or New Relic to watch metrics like:
- Deploy latency
- Build failures
- Rollback frequency
- Error spikes post-deploy
Set up Slack or PagerDuty alerts for failed deployments or 5xx spikes immediately after new releases.
6. Containerization + Orchestration
Dockerize everything. Move towards Kubernetes, ECS, or Nomad for orchestrating deployments. This ensures:
- Environment parity across dev, staging, and prod
- Easy horizontal scaling
- Blue/green and rolling deploy support out of the box
Use Helm charts or Kustomize to manage deployment templates.
This isn’t fluff—it’s critical infrastructure. DevOps and CI/CD aren’t side tasks. They are your control plane. When done right, they turn your engineering team into a shipping machine with guardrails.
Security Enhancements
Security is not a nice-to-have during a redesign—it’s mandatory. You’re already making architectural changes, so this is your perfect window to embed real security into your stack. Let’s talk real protection—not just checklists.
1. Enforce HTTPS with HSTS
Every request must go over HTTPS—no exceptions. Use HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) headers to force browsers to use HTTPS even if a user types in the domain without it. This mitigates protocol downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking.
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload
2. Implement Content Security Policy (CSP)
CSP headers stop inline scripts from running unless explicitly allowed. This is your first line of defense against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). Lock it down tightly. Define trusted domains for scripts, styles, and images.
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src ‘self’
3. Use Short-Lived Tokens
If you’re issuing access tokens or session tokens, keep their lifespan short. Use JWTs with expiry claims (exp), and implement token rotation wherever possible. Don’t rely on long-lived refresh tokens without additional guardrails.
4. Audit Third-Party Dependencies
Run a full dependency audit. Use tools like OWASP Dependency-Check, npm audit, or Snyk. Look for known CVEs in your frontend and backend libraries. Any library with an open CVE is a liability, not a feature.
5. Conduct Penetration Testing
Automated scans help, but real penetration testing uncovers logic flaws. Hire external red teams or security firms to simulate real-world attacks. Focus on:
- Authentication and session handling
- Privilege escalation
- Broken access control
API fuzzing and rate limit bypass
6. Enable Web Application Firewall (WAF)
Add a WAF like Cloudflare, AWS WAF, or Azure Front Door to inspect inbound traffic. Configure custom rules to detect SQLi, XSS, or LFI attempts. Combine this with geo-blocking or rate-limiting to keep bots out.
7. Secure Admin Interfaces
Admin portals are a goldmine for attackers. Lock them down. Use:
- IP whitelisting for access
- MFA with time-based one-time passwords (TOTP)
- Audit trails for every action
Never expose internal tools to the public internet without layered auth and monitoring.
8. Harden HTTP Headers
Secure your response headers. These are low-effort, high-impact defenses:
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniffX-Frame-Options: DENYReferrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-originPermissions-Policyto control browser APIs
9. Disable Unused Services and Ports
Scan your infrastructure using Nmap. Shut down every unused port. No exposed SSH. No stray staging servers. Internal services should live on private subnets behind a VPN or VPC peering.
10. Log and Monitor Everything
Security without visibility is blind. Send all logs to a SIEM like Splunk or ELK Stack. Set alerts on:
- Unusual login patterns
- Failed authentication attempts
- High API error rates
- Admin actions
Correlate logs across layers to spot slow-burning threats.
Security isn’t something you patch in later. Bake it in. Design for breaches. Assume attackers are already inside. Every request, every component, and every dependency should be defensible and auditable. If you're not paranoid during redesign, you're not doing it right.
Accessibility (WCAG 2.1 AA) Compliance
Accessibility is not a checklist item. It's a technical requirement baked into modern frontend architecture. WCAG 2.1 AA isn’t about just being “inclusive” — it’s about building usable, compliant, and legally sound interfaces. Here's how you ensure your redesign meets real accessibility standards.
1. Use Semantic HTML — Always
<div> and <span> aren't interactive elements. Screen readers ignore them unless explicitly defined. Use native elements like:
- <
button>instead of clickable<div> <label>for all form inputs<nav>,<main>,<section>for layout structure
Semantic tags automatically wire into accessibility APIs. Avoid overriding native behavior unless absolutely necessary.
2. Keyboard Navigation is Non-Negotiable
If users can’t tab through your site, it’s broken. Ensure all interactive elements can be reached and activated using just a keyboard.
- Test with
Tab,Shift+Tab,Enter,Space, andarrowkeys - Implement focus-visible for clear indicators
- Trap focus inside modals using
aria-modal="true"andtabindex="0"
Avoid JavaScript-driven components that hijack native keyboard flow.
3. Color Contrast Isn’t Cosmetic
Use DevTools or axe-core to test contrast. WCAG 2.1 AA requires:
- 4.5:1 ratio for normal text
- 3:1 ratio for large text (18pt+)
Don't rely on color alone to convey information. Use text, icons, or borders alongside color indicators.
4. ARIA: Powerful but Dangerous
Use ARIA roles and attributes only when native elements fall short. Misuse causes screen readers to break context.
Correct usage examples:
role="dialog"for modalsaria-expandedfor dropdown statesaria-labelledbyandaria-describedbyto tie elements together
Validate with NVDA or VoiceOver. Don't assume ARIA works just because it looks fine visually.
5. Form Inputs Must Announce Themselves
Unlabeled fields confuse screen reader users. Always:
- Link labels using
forandid - Include
aria-required="true"if a field is mandatory - Provide real-time validation feedback via
aria-liveregions
Placeholder text ≠ a label. Treat it as a visual cue, not a source of semantic meaning.
6. Avoid display: none for Important Content
If it's hidden with display: none or visibility: hidden, screen readers won’t pick it up. For collapsible sections use:
aria-hidden="true"when off- Remove the attribute when visible
Use inert for elements you want to make inaccessible during certain interactions.
7. Test with Real Assistive Technology
Lighthouse scores are useful but not definitive. Use tools like:
- NVDA (Windows)
- VoiceOver (macOS/iOS)
- JAWS for more enterprise scenarios
Simulate a real user scenario. Navigate your site with no mouse, no visuals, and only auditory feedback.
Complying with WCAG 2.1 AA isn't about doing the bare minimum. It’s about engineering experiences that work at the OS and browser API level for every user. Integrate accessibility into your component library, your CI pipelines, and your design tokens.
Your redesign isn’t complete until your site speaks fluently to a screen reader.
SEO Infrastructure
You can’t redesign a website without building a solid technical SEO foundation. Search engines need clean architecture just as much as users do. Let’s break down what actually matters for SEO infrastructure, beyond just keywords.
1. Structured Data Implementation
Search engines need context. Structured data gives them that.
- Use
JSON-LDformat for Schema.org markup—Google prefers it - Add schema types like
Organization,Product,Article,BreadcrumbList, andFAQPage - Validate with Google’s Rich Results Test to avoid schema errors
- Use dynamic rendering (or SSR) to ensure crawlers pick up JavaScript-generated schema
Without structured data, Google sees raw text. With it, you control how your content appears in SERPs.
2. XML Sitemaps and Robots.txt
Sitemaps are your blueprint for crawlability. Robots.txt is your gatekeeper.
- Auto-generate XML sitemaps with versioning and priority tags
- Split large sitemaps into sub-sitemaps by type (blog, product, etc.) for better crawl efficiency
- Robots.txt should never block important resources like JS or CSS folders—Googlebot needs those for rendering
- Add a
sitemap:directive in robots.txt to link it directly
Always test robots.txt with Google Search Console’s URL inspection tool before going live.
3. Canonicalization Strategy
Duplicate content kills ranking. Canonical tags prevent cannibalization.
- Every page should have a self-referencing <link rel="canonical" /> tag
- For paginated content, use rel="next" and rel="prev" properly or canonicalize to the root page
- Avoid conflicting canonicals across alternate language versions
- Never canonicalize to a different page unless it’s intentional
Make sure your canonical tags match what your sitemap and internal links suggest. Inconsistencies confuse crawlers.
4. Meta Infrastructure
Meta tags are more than SEO checkboxes. They define how your content lives across the internet.
- Ensure unique and programmatically generated
<title>and<meta description>for every route - Add
og:tags (Open Graph) for Facebook and LinkedIn preview - Add
twitter:tags for Twitter Cards - Use
meta robots(index,follow,noindex,nofollow) to manage crawl behavior per page type
Broken meta setups are invisible to users but directly hit your CTR and crawl budget.
5. Redirect and URL Hygiene
Nothing tanks organic traffic faster than a broken redirect strategy.
- Use 301 redirects for permanent page moves—302s won’t transfer link equity
- Maintain a redirect map from old URLs to new paths during redesign
- Avoid redirect chains—flatten them to a single hop
- Normalize URL structure (no trailing slash inconsistencies or mixed casing)
Run your site through Screaming Frog and fix redirect loops before you lose crawl trust.
6. JavaScript SEO Readiness
Modern websites use frameworks like React and Next.js—SEO must keep up.
- Use SSR or SSG wherever possible for crawlable HTML
- If using client-side rendering, implement dynamic rendering with tools like Prerender.io
- Defer non-critical scripts to speed up render time
- Test render snapshots in Google Search Console to confirm content is visible
If Googlebot can’t render your main content within a few seconds, it won’t index it.
SEO infrastructure isn’t fluff. It’s core engineering work. During redesign, every component from routing to rendering needs to be SEO-aware. Get this right, and you won’t just see better rankings—you’ll see fewer issues post-launch and higher organic conversions.
Analytics & Telemetry Setup
If your new site looks great but you’re flying blind after launch, the redesign failed. Every interaction, page view, click, scroll, and error should tell a story—and your job is to capture it all cleanly and precisely. Here’s how to build a telemetry pipeline that goes beyond vanity metrics and actually supports performance, growth, and engineering decisions.
1. Implement Granular Event Tracking (Not Just Page Views)
Use event-based tracking tools like Mixpanel, Amplitude, or PostHog. Avoid generic out-of-the-box setups. Track:
- CTA clicks
- Form submission starts vs. completions
- Drop-offs in multi-step flows
- Scroll depth and time-on-section
- Filter/sort actions on product listings
Structure events with consistent naming (user_login_success, search_filtered_by_color) and add metadata like user ID, browser version, or A/B test variant.
2. Use Session Replay Tools for Real Behavioral Context
Integrate FullStory, LogRocket, or Microsoft Clarity. These tools don’t just show heatmaps—they record real user sessions. This helps debug:
- Broken flows
- Rage clicks
- UI responsiveness issues
- Abandoned carts due to layout glitches on certain viewports
Engineering and product teams can replay edge cases in production without needing to guess what went wrong.
3. Set Up Frontend Performance Monitoring
Use New Relic Browser, Datadog RUM, or Sentry Performance to track:
- Time to First Byte (TTFB)
- First Contentful Paint (FCP)
- Resource load timing
- JS errors and stack traces
- React render bottlenecks or re-renders
Correlate slow frontend performance to specific deployments or user geographies.
4. Track Backend Latency and Throughput Per API Route
Instrument APIs using OpenTelemetry or Prometheus + Grafana. Break it down by:
- Average latency per endpoint
- Error rate per route
- DB query response time per call
- Downstream service latency (e.g. third-party auth or payment gateways)
Every API call must log request IDs to enable trace-based debugging and transaction profiling.
5. Log Everything in a Structured Format
Use ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) or CloudWatch + Fluent Bit to manage logs. Make sure logs are:
- JSON-formatted
- Include request ID, user ID, session ID
- Indexed by service name and environment
- Rotated and stored efficiently
Avoid raw string logs. Structured logs are machine-parseable and searchable in real-time.
6. Build Real-Time Dashboards for Teams
Create Grafana or Looker dashboards tailored to each team:
- Engineering: error rates, deployment performance impacts, slow queries
- Product: funnel conversion drop-offs, experiment variants
- Marketing: UTM campaign performance, referral sources, session quality
Push alerts into Slack or Opsgenie when KPIs spike or drop outside thresholds.
7. Don’t Ignore Privacy and Compliance
Tag sensitive data using PII masking before it hits any telemetry system. If using tools like GA4 or Segment, ensure GDPR and CCPA compliance through:
- Consent banners
- IP anonymization
- Cookie opt-in logic tied to data pipelines
Build your analytics architecture as if your compliance team will audit it tomorrow.
If you redesign without analytics, you’ve just built a sleek black box. The real power is in observability. When you can correlate performance drops to specific deployments, or know which product feature caused user retention to spike, you’re not just running a website—you’re running a precision instrument.
Track early. Track deep. Track smart.
Conclusion
A redesign isn’t just pixels and layout changes. It’s your chance to re-architect the core systems behind the UI. If your backend still runs on blocking I/O or your APIs aren’t versioned—you’re not redesigning, you’re repainting rust. Treat performance as a feature. Treat observability as non-negotiable. Build for scale even if your traffic is low today. Bake in WCAG compliance and OWASP best practices—not as afterthoughts but as core design specs.
Pull in your DevOps, SREs, backend engineers, and product analysts early. Make every decision data-backed and test every assumption with load, latency, and failure in mind. Because at the end of the day, great design isn’t what users see—it’s what they don’t have to think about.
